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Electromagnetism
45 flashcards
An electric field is the region around a charged particle or object in which an electric force would be experienced by another charged particle.
A magnetic field is produced by moving electric charges and the spin of elementary particles.
Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across an electrical conductor due to its exposure to a varying magnetic field.
Electricity and magnetism are fundamentally linked phenomena. Moving charges create magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields create electric fields.
Maxwell's equations are a set of four equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, and their relationship with electric charges and currents.
An electromagnetic wave is a self-propagating wave that oscillates perpendicular to its direction of travel and carries energy through oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s, which is also the speed of all electromagnetic waves in a vacuum.
Examples of electromagnetic waves include visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Coulomb's law describes the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles, which is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductive material, measured in amperes.
AC (alternating current) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction, while DC (direct current) is an electric current that flows in one constant direction.
An electric circuit is a closed path through which electric current can flow, consisting of a power source, conductors, and a load.
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, while in a parallel circuit, components are connected across each other.
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, as long as other factors remain constant.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field and is used to smooth out fluctuating voltages.
An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field and opposes changes in current flow.
The Lorentz force is the force exerted on a charged particle by an electromagnetic field, which is a combination of electric and magnetic forces.
The principle of electromagnetic radiation states that accelerating charges emit electromagnetic waves, and that these waves can transfer energy through a vacuum.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Polarization of light is the restriction of the vibration of a light wave to a particular plane, which can occur through certain materials or processes.
The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave observed by a moving observer or due to a moving source.
The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a metal surface when light shines on it, a phenomenon that led to the development of quantum mechanics.
The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field generated by an electric current in terms of the magnitude, direction, and distance from the current.
Gauss's law for magnetism states that there are no magnetic monopoles, and that the total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
The Faraday effect is the rotation of the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light as it passes through a transparent material in the presence of a magnetic field.
The Hall effect is the production of a voltage across a current-carrying conductor due to the deflection of charge carriers by a magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the current.
A Gaussian surface is an imaginary closed surface used in Gauss's law to calculate the electric flux passing through it.
The electric displacement field is a vector field that accounts for the effects of polarization in a dielectric material, and is related to the electric field by the permittivity of the material.
The magnetic vector potential is a mathematical quantity that can be used to calculate the magnetic field, and is related to the current density through the Biot-Savart law.
The skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current to become distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the conductor.
The Poynting vector represents the directional energy flux density of an electromagnetic field, and is the cross product of the electric and magnetic fields.
The curl of a vector field is a measure of the rotation or circulation of the field around a given point, and is an important concept in electromagnetism.
The divergence of a vector field is a scalar field that measures the density of the outward flux of the vector field from an infinitesimal volume around a given point.
Lenz's law states that the direction of the current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is such that it opposes the change in the magnetic flux that caused it.
The Brewster angle is the angle of incidence at which light polarized parallel to the plane of incidence is transmitted entirely through a dielectric surface, with no reflection.
A transmission line is a specialized cable or waveguide designed to carry electromagnetic waves or electrical signals over long distances with minimal loss of energy.
A waveguide is a structure that guides electromagnetic waves through a solid or hollow conductive material, and is used in applications like radar and microwave communication.
A cavity resonator is a closed, hollow conductive structure that confines electromagnetic waves and allows resonance at specific frequencies, used in devices like microwave ovens and particle accelerators.
The Zeeman effect is the splitting or shifting of spectral lines when atoms or molecules are subjected to a strong external magnetic field, providing information about their energy levels.
The quantum Hall effect is the precise quantization of the Hall resistance observed in two-dimensional electron systems at low temperatures and strong magnetic fields.
The Aharonov-Bohm effect is a remarkable phenomenon in quantum mechanics that demonstrates the importance of the electromagnetic potential, even in regions where the fields are zero.
A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles to extremely high energies and maintain their circular path.
A magnetron is a type of vacuum tube that generates microwaves using the interaction of a strong magnetic field with a stream of electrons, and is used in radar systems and microwave ovens.
The Meissner effect is the expulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state, a phenomenon that is a defining characteristic of superconductivity.
A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube that is used as an amplifier for high radio frequencies, and is widely used in radar systems, communications, and particle accelerators.