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Ethics
46 flashcards
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions of morality, including concepts of right and wrong, good and bad, justice, virtue, and how we ought to live.
Moral philosophy is the study of ethics, moral values, and the principles that determine right and wrong conduct.
Virtue ethics is a moral philosophy that emphasizes character rather than rules or consequences as the key element of ethical thinking. It focuses on cultivating virtuous qualities like wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance.
Deontological ethics, founded by Immanuel Kant, judges the morality of an action based on the nature of the action itself rather than the consequences. It establishes moral rules like 'don't lie' and emphasizes duty and good will.
Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that says the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. It focuses solely on the consequences of actions.
Some key virtues in ethics include courage, temperance, justice, prudence, honesty, compassion, integrity, and wisdom.
Justice in ethics refers to the fair, moral, and impartial treatment of all persons, respecting rights and giving each person their due. It involves ideas of equality, fairness, and reciprocity.
Moral rights are certain basic rights and freedoms that are understood as inherent to human beings, such as the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Ethics are moral principles that govern how people should act, whereas laws are written rules enacted by governments that regulate behavior, with penalties for violations.
The trolley problem is an ethical thought experiment that explores whether it is permissible to divert a runaway trolley to kill one person instead of five. It illustrates ethical dilemmas involving action versus inaction.
Key ethical principles in medicine include respect for autonomy, non-maleficence (do no harm), beneficence (do good), justice, and dignity.
Moral relativism holds that moral truths are relative to a particular individual or culture. Moral absolutism maintains that there are universal moral truths that are absolute and unchanging.
The ethics of care is a moral theory that emphasizes caring relations, empathy, compassion, and responding to the needs of particular others. It counters impartial, rule-based ethics.
Environmental ethics is the study of moral relationships between humans and the natural world. It explores questions about human treatment of the environment and animal welfare.
Common ethical issues in business include corporate social responsibility, corruption and bribery, discrimination, environmental protection, workplace safety, and consumer rights.
Bioethics is the study of ethical issues arising from healthcare, medical treatments, and advances in biology and biotechnology like cloning or gene editing.
Ethical issues in technology include privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, intellectual property, and the moral status of artificial intelligence.
The ethics of belief explores whether people have moral duties regarding their beliefs and how beliefs are formed, like the duty to rationally evaluate evidence.
For an act to be considered ethical, it must conform to moral principles and be right, good, and virtuous based on societal standards and expectations of proper conduct.
Reason plays a key role in ethics by allowing us to analyze moral issues logically, justify ethical principles, and critically evaluate the arguments and reasoning behind different ethical stances.
Some virtues of a moral person include honesty, integrity, courage, compassion, humility, wisdom, self-control, and a commitment to moral principles.
The categorical imperative is Immanuel Kant's ethical principle that one should act only according to rules that could hold as universal laws of nature.
Ethics refers to the philosophical study of morality, investigating moral reasoning and values. Morality refers to the actual beliefs, values, and conduct involved in questions of right and wrong.
The ethics of eating meat explores moral questions around killing animals for food, animal welfare, environmental impacts, and whether there are compelling reasons not to eat meat.
Ethical issues in warfare include the moral justification for war, treatment of civilians and prisoners, rules of engagement, use of torture, and development of new weapon technologies.
Thought experiments like the trolley problem are used in ethics to explore theoretical moral dilemmas and test the implications and consistency of different ethical principles.
Ethical concerns around human cloning include questions of human dignity, individuality, exploitation, access and inequality, social effects, and potential physical and psychological harms.
The ethics of euthanasia explores the morality of intentionally ending a life to relieve suffering, weighing principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, mercy, and the sanctity of life.
Normative ethics investigates how we ought to act and formulates moral norms. Descriptive ethics examines how people actually behave and the values they hold.
Ethical issues in research include informed consent, protection of human subjects, animal welfare, scientific misconduct like fraud, conflicts of interest, and moral issues around topics studied.
The ethics of punishment explores moral justifications and goals for criminal punishment, like retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, or protecting society.
Subjective ethics bases moral truths on individual feelings or cultural norms. Objective ethics asserts that moral truths are mind-independent facts about reality.
The ethics of abortion centers on questions like the moral status of the fetus, bodily autonomy rights of the mother, and balancing considerations of harm or potential life.
While ethics studies secular moral philosophy, many religions have moral codes and ethical teachings derived from religious beliefs, texts, and traditions.
Situation ethics is a Christian ethical theory that judges acts based on circumstances rather than rules, arguing that love should be the guiding principle.
The is-ought problem refers to the difficulty in deriving prescriptive statements about what ought to be from purely descriptive statements about what is the case.
Ethical issues in politics include corruption, campaign finance, voting rights, free speech, income inequality, immigration policy, and issues of war and peace.
Moral particularism is the view that moral reasoning should be based on the context of particular situations rather than by applying universal moral rules or principles.
The ethics of speech explores moral questions around freedom of expression, hate speech, misinformation, censorship versus open discourse, and the social impacts of speech.
While ethics emphasizes reason, emotions like empathy, compassion, and moral intuition can inform and motivate ethical behavior and moral judgments.
Ethical egoism holds that moral agents should act to maximize their own self-interest. Ethical altruism maintains that we have obligations to help others.
Key workplace ethics issues include discrimination, workplace harassment, whistleblowing, worker rights and fair wages, workplace safety, and professional responsibilities.
The ethics of risk explores moral issues around exposure to risk, harm prevention, the precautionary principle, risk assessment, and the distribution of risk burdens.
The repugnant conclusion is a thought experiment suggesting total utilitarianism would endorse bringing into existence billions in barely worth living conditions over a smaller, higher quality population.
Virtues like honesty and integrity are foundational to ethical conduct, enabling accountability, trust, and moral credibility in one's actions and character.
We can apply ethical principles daily through moral reasoning, cultivating virtues, considering consequences for others, and committing to ethical standards in personal and professional spheres.