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Pathology
50 flashcards
Pathology is the study of the causes, mechanisms, and effects of diseases on the body.
Pathophysiology refers to the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury in the body's cells, tissues, and organs.
The main causes of disease include genetic factors, pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.), environmental factors, and lifestyle factors.
Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), and pain (dolor).
Necrosis is the premature death of cells and living tissue, which can occur due to injury, disease, or lack of blood supply.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a normal and controlled process that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells.
A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from uncontrolled cell growth or proliferation, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous).
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary site to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumors.
Ischemia is a condition in which blood flow and oxygen supply to an organ or tissue are inadequate, potentially leading to tissue damage or infarction.
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues, causing swelling.
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow and potentially leading to ischemia or infarction.
An embolus is a detached blood clot, air bubble, or other material that travels through the bloodstream and obstructs blood flow.
Shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, leading to organ dysfunction.
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the body's dysregulated response to an infection, leading to organ dysfunction.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to produce or use insulin effectively.
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fatty deposits (plaques) within the arteries, leading to narrowing and reduced blood flow, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently elevated, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation and breathing difficulties, usually caused by long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of liver disease characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired liver function.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive impairment, and behavioral changes, primarily affecting older adults.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, leading to an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the elderly.
An autoimmune disease is a condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy tissues and organs.
A genetic disorder is a disease or condition caused by an abnormality in an individual's genetic makeup, either inherited or resulting from a new mutation.
A congenital disorder is a condition present at birth, which can be inherited or caused by environmental or other factors during prenatal development.
A prion disease is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by abnormally folded proteins (prions) that lead to progressive brain damage.
A metabolic disorder is a condition caused by an abnormality in the body's metabolic processes, such as the breakdown or production of proteins, carbohydrates, or fats.
A nutritional deficiency is a condition resulting from an inadequate intake or absorption of essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, or macronutrients.
A toxin is a poisonous substance produced by living organisms or synthetically, which can cause harm or death when introduced into the body.
A teratogen is an environmental agent or factor that can cause abnormal development or birth defects in an embryo or fetus.
An idiopathic disease is a disease or condition with an unknown cause, despite thorough investigation.
A nosocomial infection, also known as a hospital-acquired infection, is an infection acquired by a patient during their stay in a healthcare facility.
A zoonotic disease is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans, either directly or indirectly.
A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, such as multiple continents or worldwide.
A comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional diseases or disorders co-occurring with a primary disease or condition.
A risk factor is a characteristic, condition, or behavior that increases an individual's likelihood of developing a specific disease or health condition.
A biomarker is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition, used to detect or monitor diseases, environmental exposures, or therapeutic interventions.
A syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a particular disease, disorder, or condition.
A prodrome is an early symptom or set of symptoms that precedes the onset of a disease or condition, often serving as a warning sign.
A sequela is a condition or complication that follows as a consequence of a previous disease or injury, often occurring some time after the initial event.
A chronic disease is a long-lasting condition that typically progresses slowly and requires ongoing management and treatment, such as heart disease, diabetes, or arthritis.
An acute disease is a condition that has a rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a short duration, typically requiring immediate medical attention.
A contagious disease is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another through direct or indirect contact.
A vector-borne disease is an infectious disease transmitted by vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, or other blood-feeding organisms.
A iatrogenic disease is a condition or illness that is caused by medical treatment or procedures, often resulting from adverse effects or complications.
A psychosomatic disorder is a physical condition or symptom that is believed to be caused or exacerbated by psychological factors, such as stress or emotional disturbance.
A degenerative disease is a condition characterized by progressive deterioration or loss of function in cells, tissues, or organs, often associated with aging.
A multifactorial disease is a condition that results from the combined effects of multiple genetic and environmental factors, rather than a single cause.
A sporadic disease is a condition that occurs randomly or unpredictably, with no clear pattern of inheritance or known cause.
A latent disease is a condition that remains inactive or asymptomatic for an extended period before manifesting or becoming clinically apparent.