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Free flashcards to ace your USMLE CK - Surgery
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Surgery
47 flashcards
The purpose of preoperative evaluation is to assess the patient's risk for surgery and optimize medical conditions to minimize operative risk.
Important components include history and physical exam, laboratory tests, imaging studies, assessment of comorbidities, risk stratification, optimization of medical conditions, and patient education.
Informed consent ensures the patient understands the risks, benefits, alternatives, and details of the planned surgical procedure to make an informed decision.
Preoperative fasting reduces gastric contents and decreases the risk of pulmonary aspiration during induction of anesthesia.
The surgical pause involves confirming the patient's identity, procedure, site, position, consent, allergies, equipment availability, and any special considerations before starting the operation.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis aims to reduce the risk of surgical site infections by providing antibiotics that cover the most likely pathogens for the specific procedure.
Principles include monitoring vital signs, managing pain, preventing complications, promoting wound healing, early mobilization, nutrition support, and patient education for discharge.
Common complications include bleeding, infection, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, atelectasis, ileus, cardiac events, renal failure, and wound dehiscence.
Adequate postoperative pain control facilitates early mobilization, respiratory effort, and overall recovery while minimizing the risk of chronic pain.
Goals include providing adequate calories and nutrients to meet metabolic demands, prevent nutrient deficiencies, promote wound healing, and avoid malnutrition.
General surgery deals with abdominal conditions involving organs like the stomach, intestines, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and hernias.
Vascular surgery focuses on diseases of the arteries and veins, such as aneurysms, atherosclerosis, and peripheral artery disease.
Cardiothoracic surgery encompasses surgical procedures on the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other thoracic organs.
Pediatric surgery deals with surgical conditions affecting infants, children, and adolescents, including congenital anomalies and pediatric trauma.
Plastic and reconstructive surgery aims to repair, reconstruct, or replace physical defects due to congenital conditions, trauma, burns, or disease.
Transplant surgery involves the surgical removal of an organ or tissue from one person and transplanting it into another to replace a damaged or failed organ.
Neurosurgery deals with surgical treatment of disorders affecting the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Preoperative bowel preparation aims to clean out the colon before colorectal surgery to reduce the risk of infection and complications.
ERAS protocols aim to optimize perioperative care to reduce stress, maintain physiological function, and facilitate early recovery after surgery.
Minimally invasive surgery involves smaller incisions and specialized instruments, often resulting in less pain, scarring, and faster recovery compared to open surgery.
Surgical safety checklists help ensure proper perioperative processes are followed, reducing the risk of errors, complications, and adverse events.
Postoperative rehabilitation aims to restore functional abilities, improve strength and mobility, and facilitate a safe return to activities of daily living.
Surgical oncology involves the surgical management of cancers, including diagnostic procedures, tumor removal, and reconstructive techniques.
Preoperative risk assessment helps identify and stratify a patient's potential risks for complications based on medical history, physical exam, and test results.
Principles include proper hand hygiene, donning sterile gowns and gloves, maintaining a sterile field, and following aseptic techniques to prevent surgical site infections.
Surgical drains are placed to remove excess fluid, blood, or other material from the surgical site, promoting healing and preventing complications like hematoma or seroma formation.
Postoperative monitoring of vital signs, laboratory values, and clinical status helps detect and address potential complications early, ensuring patient safety and appropriate interventions.
Surgical critical care involves the management of critically ill or injured patients who require intensive monitoring, life support, and specialized care after major surgery or trauma.
VTE prophylaxis aims to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) after surgery through measures like anticoagulants, compression devices, and early mobilization.
Incentive spirometry helps prevent postoperative atelectasis and pneumonia by encouraging deep breathing and lung expansion after surgery.
Surgical pathology involves the examination and analysis of tissues and specimens removed during surgery to establish or confirm diagnoses and guide treatment decisions.
Principles include proper dressing changes, monitoring for signs of infection, wound protection, and appropriate management based on the type of wound and healing phase.
Postoperative patient education provides instructions on wound care, activity limitations, medication management, and signs or symptoms that require medical attention, aiding recovery and preventing complications.
Trauma surgery involves the acute management of injuries resulting from accidents, violence, or other causes, often involving stabilization and life-saving procedures.
Preoperative cardiac risk assessment evaluates a patient's risk of perioperative cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction or heart failure, to guide management and optimize outcomes.
SICUs provide specialized care for critically ill or injured surgical patients, with advanced monitoring, life support systems, and multidisciplinary teams to manage complex postoperative needs.
Preoperative smoking cessation, even for a short period, can reduce surgical risks such as impaired wound healing, respiratory complications, and cardiovascular events.
Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive technique that uses small incisions and a camera (laparoscope) to perform procedures in the abdomen or pelvis, often resulting in faster recovery.
Postoperative fluid management aims to maintain adequate hydration, electrolyte balance, and organ perfusion while avoiding fluid overload or underhydration.
Proper postoperative glycemic control helps prevent surgical site infections, improve wound healing, and reduce the risk of complications in surgical patients with diabetes.
Surgical endoscopy involves the use of flexible endoscopes to perform minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures within the body's cavities and hollow organs.
Preoperative DVT prophylaxis aims to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during and after surgery through measures like anticoagulants, compression devices, and early mobilization.
Robotic surgery involves the use of robotic systems and advanced instrumentation to perform complex minimally invasive procedures with enhanced precision, visualization, and dexterity.
Postoperative follow-up appointments allow for monitoring of recovery, assessment of surgical outcomes, management of any complications, and guidance on further care or rehabilitation needs.
Surgical quality improvement programs aim to enhance patient safety, outcomes, and the overall quality of surgical care through data collection, analysis, and implementation of evidence-based practices.
Preoperative imaging studies, such as CT scans, MRI, or angiography, provide valuable information about anatomy, pathology, and surgical planning to guide the procedure.
Surgical simulation and training programs use virtual reality, synthetic models, or cadaveric specimens to help surgeons develop and refine their technical skills in a controlled environment.