Physiologic jaundice is a benign, transient condition caused by the immaturity of liver enzymes in newborns. It typically appears after 24 hours of birth, peaks around day 3-5, and resolves by 2 weeks. Pathologic jaundice is more severe, appears within the first 24 hours, rises rapidly, lasts longer than 2 weeks, and may indicate an underlying disease.

Intussusception is a medical emergency characterized by severe, intermittent abdominal pain, vomiting, lethargy, and the presence of currant jelly stools (blood and mucus-stained stools). A sausage-shaped mass may be palpable in the abdomen.

Viral pathogens, particularly rotavirus, are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. Other causes include bacteria (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter) and parasites (e.g., Giardia).

Risk factors for SIDS include prone sleeping position, soft bedding, overheating, maternal smoking during pregnancy, preterm birth, low birth weight, and male gender.

The two main types are extrinsic (allergic) asthma and intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma. Extrinsic asthma is triggered by environmental allergens and is associated with atopy and high IgE levels. Intrinsic asthma is not triggered by allergens and has a later onset.

Common symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children include polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased appetite), weight loss, fatigue, and sometimes diabetic ketoacidosis.

The most common cause of pediatric headaches is migraine, which often has a family history and may be associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia.

The exact cause of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is unknown, but it is thought to involve genetic mutations in lymphoid progenitor cells, possibly triggered by environmental factors.

The treatment of choice for uncomplicated acute otitis media in children is watchful waiting with appropriate pain management, unless the child is younger than 6 months or has severe symptoms.

The common features of Kawasaki disease include fever lasting more than 5 days, conjunctivitis, rash, red cracked lips, swollen hands and feet, and lymphadenopathy. It can cause coronary artery aneurysms if left untreated.

The most common cause of chronic cough in children is asthma, followed by post-viral syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

The first-line treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is stimulant medication, such as methylphenidate or amphetamine derivatives, along with behavioral therapy.

The recommended treatment for mild to moderate dehydration in children with acute gastroenteritis is oral rehydration therapy (ORT) with solutions containing water, electrolytes, and glucose.

Febrile seizures, which are seizures associated with a high body temperature, are the most common cause of pediatric seizures, accounting for about one-third of all cases.

The two main types of pediatric nephrotic syndrome are steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). SSNS responds well to steroid treatment, while SRNS requires additional immunosuppressive therapy.

The most common cause of acute abdominal pain in children is gastroenteritis, followed by constipation and appendicitis.

The recommended treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children is antibiotic therapy, typically with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin-clavulanate.

The most common cause of pediatric arthritis is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), an autoimmune disorder that can present with various patterns of joint involvement.

The recommended treatment for mild to moderate bronchiolitis in infants is supportive care, including hydration, nasal suctioning, and supplemental oxygen if needed. Routine use of bronchodilators and corticosteroids is not recommended.

The most common cause of short stature in children is constitutional delay in growth and puberty, a normal variation in growth pattern that is often familial.

Common presenting symptoms of celiac disease in children include chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, failure to thrive, weight loss, and sometimes iron deficiency anemia or dermatitis herpetiformis.

The treatment of choice for acute bacterial meningitis in children is intravenous antibiotic therapy, with the specific antibiotic regimen determined by the causative organism and local resistance patterns.

The most common cause of childhood hypertension is renal disease, particularly chronic glomerulonephritis and obstructive uropathy.

The recommended treatment for acute osteomyelitis in children is intravenous antibiotic therapy, typically with a combination of antibiotics effective against Staphylococcus aureus and other potential pathogens.

Common clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis include chronic respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, pancreatic insufficiency, malnutrition, and elevated sweat chloride levels.

The most common cause of pediatric constipation is functional constipation, which is often related to dietary habits, psychological factors, or inadequate toilet training.

The recommended treatment for acute rheumatic fever includes antibiotic therapy (typically penicillin) to eradicate Group A Streptococcus, anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., aspirin, corticosteroids), and prophylactic antibiotic therapy to prevent recurrences.

The most common cause of pediatric pancreatitis is trauma, followed by structural anomalies (e.g., choledochal cysts, pancreas divisum) and idiopathic causes.

Common clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy include progressive muscle weakness and wasting, calf pseudohypertrophy, difficulty with ambulation, and eventual respiratory and cardiac complications.

The recommended treatment for acute glomerulonephritis in children includes supportive care, fluid and electrolyte management, and in some cases, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents.

The most common cause of pediatric hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating antibodies.

Common clinical manifestations of childhood obesity include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, orthopedic complications, and psychosocial issues.

The recommended treatment for acute osteomyelitis in children is intravenous antibiotic therapy, typically with a combination of antibiotics effective against Staphylococcus aureus and other potential pathogens.

Common clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis include chronic respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, pancreatic insufficiency, malnutrition, and elevated sweat chloride levels.

The most common cause of pediatric constipation is functional constipation, which is often related to dietary habits, psychological factors, or inadequate toilet training.

The recommended treatment for acute rheumatic fever includes antibiotic therapy (typically penicillin) to eradicate Group A Streptococcus, anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., aspirin, corticosteroids), and prophylactic antibiotic therapy to prevent recurrences.

The most common cause of pediatric pancreatitis is trauma, followed by structural anomalies (e.g., choledochal cysts, pancreas divisum) and idiopathic causes.

Common clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy include progressive muscle weakness and wasting, calf pseudohypertrophy, difficulty with ambulation, and eventual respiratory and cardiac complications.

The recommended treatment for acute glomerulonephritis in children includes supportive care, fluid and electrolyte management, and in some cases, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents.

The most common cause of pediatric hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating antibodies.

Common clinical manifestations of childhood obesity include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, orthopedic complications, and psychosocial issues.

The recommended treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children involves multi-agent chemotherapy, typically with a combination of vincristine, corticosteroids, anthracyclines, and other agents.

Common clinical manifestations of Down syndrome include intellectual disability, hypotonia, characteristic facial features, congenital heart defects, gastrointestinal anomalies, and increased risk for certain medical conditions like leukemia and thyroid disorders.

The most common cause of pediatric seizures after febrile seizures is idiopathic epilepsy, which includes generalized and partial epilepsy syndromes.

The recommended treatment for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a combination of medications, including corticosteroids, immunomodulators (e.g., azathioprine, methotrexate), and biologic agents (e.g., anti-TNF agents), as well as nutritional support and, in some cases, surgery.

Common clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease in children include vaso-occlusive crises (painful episodes), acute chest syndrome, stroke, splenic sequestration, and increased susceptibility to infections.

The recommended treatment for pediatric migraine headaches includes acute therapy with analgesics (e.g., ibuprofen, acetaminophen) and anti-emetics, as well as preventive therapy with medications like topiramate, amitriptyline, or cyproheptadine for frequent or severe migraines.

After asthma, the most common cause of chronic cough in children is post-viral syndrome, characterized by a persistent cough following a respiratory tract infection.

The recommended treatment for pediatric nephrotic syndrome includes corticosteroids for initial treatment, followed by steroid-sparing agents like cyclophosphamide or calcineurin inhibitors for steroid-resistant or frequently relapsing cases.

Common clinical manifestations of autism spectrum disorder include impaired social communication and interaction, restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, and sometimes intellectual disability or language impairment.