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AP European History
39 flashcards
The Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth and intellectual revival that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe.
Key developments included a revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture, humanism, advances in art and literature, and the birth of modern science.
Important figures included artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, writers like Petrarch and Machiavelli, and scholars like Erasmus.
The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement in the 16th century that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant denominations.
Martin Luther was a German monk whose 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation. He challenged Catholic doctrines and translated the Bible into German.
Causes included criticism of Church practices, the selling of indulgences, the desire for reform, and the invention of the printing press which spread ideas.
The Catholic Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, involving internal reforms and the establishment of the Jesuits.
The Scientific Revolution was a period of scientific enlightenment in Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries, marked by questioning traditional beliefs and the use of empirical observation and experimentation.
Key figures included Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Copernicus, Descartes, and Francis Bacon, who helped establish the scientific method.
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of existing traditions and authority.
Key Enlightenment ideas included human rights, separation of church and state, freedom of thought and expression, and progress through science and reason.
The French Revolution was a major uprising in France from 1789 to 1799 that overthrew the monarchy and the aristocracy, leading to the establishment of a republic based on Enlightenment ideals of equality and rights.
Causes included food scarcity, economic troubles, resentment towards the nobility and clergy, the influence of Enlightenment ideas, and fiscal mismanagement by King Louis XVI.
Effects included the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, the spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe, the abolition of the feudal system, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
The Napoleonic Era was a period of European history from 1799 to 1815, dominated by the rule and military campaigns of Napoleon Bonaparte, who rose to power after the French Revolution.
Key events included the invention of the steam engine, the development of factories and mass production, growth of cities and urbanization, and major advances in transportation and communication.
Effects included growth of the working class, rise of capitalism, urbanization, improved standards of living, population growth, and environmental impacts from industrialization.
The Concert of Europe was an attempt by conservative European leaders after 1815 to maintain the territorial settlement established at the Congress of Vienna and prevent future revolutions.
The Crimean War was a conflict from 1853 to 1856 involving Russia, Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia, fought over Russian interests in the declining Ottoman Empire.
Major causes included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism, along with the immediate trigger of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
Outcomes included the defeat of the Central Powers, the Russian Revolution, the breakup of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, and the Treaty of Versailles.
The Russian Revolution in 1917 overthrew the Romanov dynasty and established the world's first communist state under the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin.
The major Allied Powers included Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, while the Axis Powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan.
The Holocaust was the systematic mass murder of approximately 6 million European Jews and other groups by the Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler during World War II.
The Marshall Plan was a U.S. program that provided economic aid to Western Europe after WWII to help with postwar recovery and prevent the spread of communism.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension and proxy wars between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies, lasting from 1947 to 1991.
The Iron Curtain was a term used to describe the ideological division and physical boundary separating the communist Eastern Bloc countries from the capitalist West during the Cold War.
The Truman Doctrine was President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to nations threatened by communism, seen as establishing the U.S. policy of containment.
The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union for achievements in space exploration, highlighted by the Soviet launch of Sputnik and the U.S. moon landing.
The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 was a confrontation over the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba, bringing the U.S. and Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war.
The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization and reform in Czechoslovakia in 1968 that was crushed by a Soviet-led invasion.
Contributing factors included economic stagnation, dissatisfaction with Soviet policies, the policies of Mikhail Gorbachev, and the weakening of Soviet control.
Solidarity was an anti-communist labor union and social movement that played a key role in ending communist rule in Poland in the 1980s.
The Revolutions of 1989 were pro-democracy uprisings and peaceful revolutions across Central and Eastern Europe that led to the collapse of communist regimes.
The reunification of Germany in 1990 saw the reuniting of West Germany and East Germany into one nation after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War.
The Velvet Revolution was the peaceful transition of power in Czechoslovakia from communist rule to democracy in 1989.
The Balkan crisis involved ethnic conflicts and wars in the former Yugoslavia following its breakup, including the Bosnian War and Kosovo War.
Factors included the end of the Cold War, the desire for increased economic integration, and the accession of former communist states in Central and Eastern Europe.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was founded in 1949 as a military alliance between North American and European countries to provide collective defense and security during the Cold War.