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Physics
50 flashcards
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Work = Force ร Displacement ร Cosine(angle between force and displacement)
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be transformed from one form to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
Electric potential is the potential energy per unit charge, while electric potential energy is the work required to move a charge in an electric field.
Coulomb's law states that the force between two static electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The right-hand rule states that if you point your thumb in the direction of the current flow, your fingers will curl in the direction of the magnetic field lines.
The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection when a ray of light reflects off a surface.
The principle of superposition states that the net displacement of a wave at any point is the vector sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.
Velocity is the rate of change of an object's position with respect to time. It has both a magnitude (speed) and a direction.
Mass is the amount of matter an object contains and is constant everywhere. Weight is the force experienced by an object due to gravity, which changes depending on gravity.
Newton's first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion with constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external net force.
The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant. It is said to be conserved over time. Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
Scalar quantities have only magnitude, like mass and time. Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction, like velocity and force.
Work done = Force applied x Displacement in the direction of force. The formula is: W = F * d * cosฮธ, where ฮธ is the angle between force and displacement vectors.
The principle of superposition states that when two or more waves meet at a point, the resulting displacement at that point is the vector sum of the individual wave displacements.
The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.
Centripetal force is the force that causes an object to follow a curved path. Centrifugal force is the pseudo force that appears to pull an object outwards when it is rotating.
The law of conservation of momentum states that in a closed system, the total momentum remains constant. The total momentum before a collision equals the total momentum after a collision.
In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. In an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not conserved due to deformation.
Kepler's first law states that the orbit of each planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus.
The Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and momentum of a particle with absolute precision.
The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from a metal surface when light of sufficient energy strikes the surface.
The laws of thermodynamics describe the relationships between heat, work, and energy. The three laws govern the behavior of energy in a closed system.
Conductors allow the free flow of electric charges. Insulators resist the flow of charges. Semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators.
The principle of electromagnetism states that a changing electric field produces a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field produces an electric field.
AC (alternating current) refers to a flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction. DC (direct current) refers to a flow of electric charge that moves in one constant direction.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
In transverse waves, the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. In longitudinal waves, the particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.
Bernoulli's principle states that for a fluid flowing through a pipe, the pressure in the fluid decreases as the speed of the fluid increases.
Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a heavy atomic nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing a tremendous amount of energy.
The principle of relativity states that the laws of physics are the same for all observers moving at constant velocities relative to one another.
Rayleigh scattering is the elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the wavelength of light. Raman scattering is the inelastic scattering of light, with a change in wavelength.
Pascal's law states that when a force is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure increase caused by the force is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid.
Hooke's law states that the force required to extend or compress a spring is proportional to the distance of extension or compression, as long as the spring's elastic limit is not exceeded.
The principle of buoyancy states that an object immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
Polarized light is light where the wave vibrations occur in a single plane. Unpolarized light vibrates in random planes.
The Bohr model describes the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons in specific circular orbits with fixed radii and energies.
A photon is a quantum of electromagnetic radiation. A quantum is the smallest discrete unit something can take, such as energy or angular momentum.
The principle of equivalence states that the effects of gravity are indistinguishable from the effects of acceleration in a curved space-time.
Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. It quantifies how much energy in a system is unavailable to do work.
The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that the position and momentum of a particle cannot be determined simultaneously and precisely.
Planck's constant is a physical constant that relates the energy of a photon to its frequency. It is a fundamental constant in quantum mechanics.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Isobars are atoms with the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
A black hole is a region in space-time where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, including light, can escape from it.
The Lorentz Transformation describes how measurements of time and space coordinates differ for observers in different inertial frames of reference.
The dual nature of light refers to the fact that light exhibits properties of both waves and particles, depending on the experiment it is subjected to.
The de Broglie hypothesis states that all matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves. It relates the wavelength of a particle to its momentum.