The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century, marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.

Martin Luther was a German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by publishing his 95 Theses, challenging certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism toward traditional authority.

The American Revolution was a colonial uprising in British America between 1765 and 1783, which resulted in the formation of the United States of America.

Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century before his ultimate defeat.

The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and innovation that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries, marked by the transition from hand production to machine manufacturing.

The abolition of slavery refers to the efforts to end the practice of slavery, culminating in the Emancipation Proclamation in the United States in 1863 and the abolition of slavery in most Western nations by the late 19th century.

World War I was a global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918, involving most of the world's nations and resulting in the defeat of the Central Powers.

The Russian Revolution was a series of revolutions in 1917 that led to the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the establishment of the Soviet Union, the world's first communist state.

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that lasted from 1929 to 1939, characterized by mass unemployment, poverty, and a prolonged economic downturn.

World War II was a global military conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations and resulting in the defeat of the Axis powers.

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, lasting from the late 1940s to the early 1990s.

The civil rights movement was a struggle by African Americans against racial discrimination and for equal rights under the law in the United States, peaking in the 1950s and 1960s.

The Vietnam War was a prolonged conflict between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies, from 1955 to 1975.

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the symbolic end of the Cold War and the beginning of the reunification of East and West Germany.

The Gulf War was a military conflict in 1990-1991 in which a U.S.-led coalition drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait after Iraq had invaded and occupied the country.

The Rwandan genocide was the mass killing of members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority in 1994, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 500,000 to 1 million people.

The 9/11 terrorist attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda against the United States on September 11, 2001, causing widespread death and destruction.

The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that took place in several Middle Eastern countries from 2010 to 2012, leading to the overthrow of several authoritarian regimes.

The Brexit referendum was a 2016 referendum in which a majority of voters in the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, setting in motion the process of Britain's withdrawal from the EU.

Some major ancient civilizations include Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Rome, ancient China, ancient India, and the Maya civilization.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Church between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of recovering the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West, linking China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe.

The Mongol Empire was a vast empire that existed during the 13th and 14th centuries, founded by Genghis Khan and eventually stretching from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan.

The Reformation was a 16th-century religious and political movement that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches.

The Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century to the early 17th century, marked by extensive European exploration and colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

The Scientific Revolution was a period in the 16th and 17th centuries characterized by major developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and other sciences, which transformed Western views of nature and society.

The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that overthrew the monarchy and established a republic based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

The Meiji Restoration was a series of events in the late 19th century that led to the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan and the restoration of direct imperial rule under Emperor Meiji.

The colonization of Africa was a period of intense European colonization of the African continent in the late 19th century, leading to the division and occupation of most of the continent by European powers.

The Spanish-American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, sparked by American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence, resulting in Spain's loss of its remaining overseas colonies.

The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle that took place in Mexico from 1910 to 1920, overthrowing the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and leading to the establishment of a constitutional republic.

The Chinese Civil War was a major military conflict between the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalist government of the Republic of China, lasting from 1927 to 1949, which resulted in the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for achievements in spaceflight capability, marked by the launch of artificial satellites and human spaceflight missions.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the symbolic end of the Cold War and the beginning of the reunification of East and West Germany.

The Gulf War was a military conflict in 1990-1991 in which a U.S.-led coalition drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait after Iraq had invaded and occupied the country.

The Rwandan genocide was the mass killing of members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority in 1994, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 500,000 to 1 million people.

The 9/11 terrorist attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda against the United States on September 11, 2001, causing widespread death and destruction.

The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that took place in several Middle Eastern countries from 2010 to 2012, leading to the overthrow of several authoritarian regimes.

The Brexit referendum was a 2016 referendum in which a majority of voters in the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, setting in motion the process of Britain's withdrawal from the EU.

The Thirty Years' War was a conflict in Central Europe from 1618 to 1648, initially a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but later becoming more of a territorial conflict involving most of the major powers in Europe.

The War of 1812 was a military conflict between the United States and the United Kingdom, lasting from 1812 to 1815, which resulted in no territorial changes but helped establish the United States as a sovereign nation.

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over the installation of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, widely considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a direct nuclear conflict.

The Iranian Revolution was a series of events in 1978-1979 that led to the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and the establishment of an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the end of the Cold War and the symbolic reunification of East and West Germany.

Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa that was in place from 1948 to 1994, which denied basic rights and freedoms to the country's non-white majority.

The Tiananmen Square protests were student-led demonstrations in Beijing in 1989, calling for democracy, free speech, and a free press, which were violently suppressed by the Chinese government.