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Chemistry
47 flashcards
Metalloids, also called semimetals, are elements that exhibit properties intermediate between metals and non-metals.
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metallic elements, where the properties differ from those of the constituent metals.
A transition metal is an element that has an incompletely filled d subshell in its electron configuration.
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
The three fundamental particles that make up an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It is unique for each element and determines its chemical properties.
The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different mass numbers.
A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in molecules or compounds. The main types are ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.
An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where atoms share electron pairs to achieve a stable electron configuration.
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
A compound is a substance composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.
The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only transformed.
A chemical reaction is a process that involves the rearrangement of atoms or molecules to form new substances with different properties.
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
An acid is a compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, and has a pH less than 7.
A base is a compound that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water, and has a pH greater than 7.
The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly basic), with 7 being neutral.
A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates into its constituent ions when dissolved in water, releasing a high concentration of H+ ions.
A weak acid is an acid that only partially dissociates into its constituent ions when dissolved in water, releasing a low concentration of H+ ions.
A strong base is a base that completely dissociates into its constituent ions when dissolved in water, releasing a high concentration of OH- ions.
A weak base is a base that only partially dissociates into its constituent ions when dissolved in water, releasing a low concentration of OH- ions.
A salt is an ionic compound formed by the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base.
An oxidation reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance loses electrons, increasing its oxidation state.
A reduction reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance gains electrons, decreasing its oxidation state.
A redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction is a chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.
An electrochemical cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through a redox reaction.
A galvanic cell, also known as a voltaic cell or a battery, is an electrochemical cell that uses a spontaneous redox reaction to generate an electrical current.
An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell that uses an external electrical current to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction.
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized by their properties and arranged by increasing atomic number.
Groups in the periodic table are the vertical columns that contain elements with similar chemical properties and electron configurations.
Periods in the periodic table are the horizontal rows that contain elements with increasing atomic numbers and electron configurations.
Metals are elements that are typically solid at room temperature, have a high electrical and thermal conductivity, and are malleable and ductile.
Non-metals are elements that are typically gases or brittle solids at room temperature, have low electrical and thermal conductivity, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
An organic compound is a compound that contains carbon atoms, typically bonded to hydrogen atoms and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
A functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that compound.
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms in space, resulting in different properties.
A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units (monomers) that are chemically bonded together.
A biochemical compound is an organic compound that is found in living organisms and plays a role in biological processes.
A carbohydrate is a type of biochemical compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
A lipid is a type of biochemical compound that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.
A protein is a large biomolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids, which are essential for the structure and function of living organisms.
A nucleic acid is a type of biomolecule that carries genetic information and is essential for life processes, such as DNA and RNA.
An enzyme is a type of protein that acts as a biological catalyst, increasing the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.
A chemical equilibrium is a state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.